Translation Shifts in English-Indonesian Versions of Holy Quran

Translation shift is a part that is not far from what is referred to the notion of translation and constitutes a process in translating which aims to find the equivalent meaning between SL and TL. It is caused by the rules that every language has. Translation shifts are divided into 2 types that are category shift and level shift. Furthermore, category shifts fall into 4 categories which are structure shift, unit shift, class shift, and intra system shift. This current study aimed 1) to investigate the types of translation shift which are found in the English and Indonesian translation versions of the Holy Quran of Surah Az-Zalzalah and 2) to discover the most dominant shift appearing in the English and Indonesian translation versions of the Holy Quran of Surah Az-Zalzalah. To answer the quest, the design used in this study was qualitative. This study has affirmed that, except structure shift, there are 3 types of shifts belonging to the category shift found namely: class shift, unit shift, and intra-system shift. To wrap up, this study has revealed that not all category shifts and level shift are found in the Indonesian-English translation version of surah Az-Zalzalah. 
Pergeseran bentuk (translation shift) merupakan bagian tidak terpisahkan dari proses penerjemahan dan bertujuan untuk menemukan bentuk yang paling sesuai untuk memadankan makna dari bahasa sumber ke bahasa sasaran. Fenomena pergeseran ini disebabkan adanya perbedaan tata bahasa. Translation shift dibagi menjadi dua tipe, yaitu pergeseran kategori (category shift) dan pergeseran tingkat (level shift). Lebih lanjut, pergeseran kategori dibagi menjadi 4, yaitu pergeseran struktur (structure shift), pergeseran unit (unit shift), pergeseran kelas kata (class shift), dan pergeseran intrasistem (intra system shift). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1) menemukan bentuk-bentuk translation shift  dalam versi dwibahasa (Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Indonesia) Al-Quran Surat Az-Zalzalah, serta 2) menemukan pergeseran yang paling dominan dalam proses penerjemahan versi dwibahasa Al-Quran Surat Az-Zalzalah. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian kualitatif. Temuan penelitian ini adalah 3 bentuk pergeseran kategori yaitu: class shift, unit shift, dan intra system shift. Tidak ditemukan adanya pergeseran kategori berjenis pergeseran struktur. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah bahwa tidak semua bentuk translation shift ditemukan dalam versi dwibahasa Al-Quran Surat Az-Zalzalah.


INTRODUCTION
Translation shift is engaging to discuss as employing translation shifts in translation permits translators to translate and transfer the message that authors of some specific books or texts are sharp on transferring. Shifting is something inherent in every language that has its own rules. Furthermore, translation shift is the analysis of the change in linguistics that undergoes between the source text and target text with no change of the meaning. Moreover, the meaning still can be provided even when there is a change in the way how sentences are structured. Besides, based on Klaudy (2003), transfer operation or a shift might involve the replacement of lexical unit from source text (ST) to target text (TT) 1 . This current study focused on some categories that exist in the translation shift that was introduced in 1965 2 by Catford and then followed by Jeremy Munday and Basil Hatim. Translation shift has a function for helping translators to hand over messages from source language to readers simply until there is no more clumsiness of meaning when the translation shift is used and squeezed in the middle of the other translated versions. Hence, based on Hatim and Munday (2004, p. 26), "shift is said to occur if, in a given TT, a translation equivalent other than the formal correspondence occurs for a specific SL element" 3 . Shift will always become a part of translation; it is applied to hand over the meaning from one language to another through the practice of universally known translations. Certainly, by observing so far, the effort of translating could be analyzed with various elements or points of view, then displaying the changes of the original linguistic, aesthetic, and intellectual values of the source text.
There are two types of translation shifts, namely level shift and category changes. The following section defines the level shift and category shift: Level shift happens when an SL product has an equivalent TL translation through which linguistic differences arise (Hijjo, 2013) 4 . More definition is pointed out by Herman (2017), that the level shift is when a source language product at a single language level has a target language translation equivalent at a distinct stage 5 . As reported by Catford (1965), level shift ensues when the Source Language (SL) object at one language level (e.g. grammar) has a Target Language (TL) comparable at a separate stage (e.g. lexis) 6 . Furthermore, textual and traditional equivalence is only possible between elements that relate to the same level of substance, and this is only the case for the linguistic levels of grammar and lexis.
Category shift refers to unbounded and rank-bound translation (Hatim & Munday, 2004) 7 . It is about standard or free translation in which SL and TL equivalents are set at whatever rank is suitable. Commonly, but not always, there is a phrase equivalence, but in the course of a text, equivalences may change up and down the rank-scale, often at levels higher than the sentence. The category shift occurs when the source language has no formal parallel with the target language. Since the category shift is unbounded, a free translation could be normal. There are four kinds of category shift: structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts.
Structure shift occurs due to grammatical modifications between two distinct languages (Hatim & Munday, 2004) 8 . The instance of structure shift is stated as follows: SL: Miss Dyana was not completely free of comparable fear.
The above example is admitted as structure shift because there is a grammatical change in the structure in which it occurs from the active voice in the Source Language (SL) to the passive voice in the Target Language (TL).
Unit shift ensues when a unit's translation equivalent at one rank in the SL is a unit at a distinct rank in the TL; it also changes at the level language unit from SL to TL. The unit shift also ensues from low to greater point or the other way around. It is triggered by variations in the quality of the meaning element in distinct concepts.
This instance is given below to provide more knowledge of the unit change. SL: I don't know TL: Entahlah From the grammatical side, the two expressions above are actually at the sentence level, namely, (SL) is a complete sentence, while (TL) is a minor sentence. However, structurally the (SL) sentence is a clause, while the (TL) sentence is a word, so there is a downward rank shift in the translation.
Class shift ensues during the translation equivalence of an SL, the object is a part of a class other than the initial object.
This instance is given below to provide more knowledge of the unit change. SL: Give me a hug TL: Peluk Saya From the instance above, Source Language (SL) shows "Give me a hug" (Noun), which is translated into Target Language (TL) "Peluk Saya" (Verb). It implies that there is a class shift from the above phrases and it is demonstrated that structure changes involve a class shift.
Intra-System shift is the internal improvement in the system (Prawita, 2014) 9 . Moreover, Herman (2014) describes that intra-system ensues when a word in Source Language (SL) is plural but in its target language (TL) it is singular in particular or vice versa (a change in number even if the languages have the same number system) 10 . The example of intra-system shift is as follow: SL: My Sister has sport shoes. TL: Saudara perempuan saya memiliki sepatu olahraga.
From the instance above, the term "shoes" in ST indicates that it is plural as shown in the first instance above, but when transferring it to TT, it becomes a "sepatu" which is singular.
Regarding the topic of this current study, Surah Az-Zalzalah is one of the Surah in the Holy Quran that the researcher attempted to examine, and the meaning of this Surah is "The Earthquake" In this Surah, mostly Allah defines some of the Last Day events in this section to warn us of the world's coming to an end. Allah informs us that all actions will be judged and all secrets will be revealed. We are recommended to do as much virtue as we can at the moment of judgment to complete our scale of righteous actions (Muhaimin, 2013) 11 . This Surah contains 8 verses, and among them, several shifts are possible to analyze. Very few studies have been conducted to research on translation shifts particularly in the verses of Holy Quran as a Moslem Holy Scripture. The Scripture has been translated into a number of languages as well as vernacular languages, one of which is the bilingual version in English and Indonesia language. This current study aimed at investigating how translation shifts are evident in bilingual versions of Holy Quran, and contribute to the body of knowledge of translation studies across differing text genres.

RESEARCH METHOD
Research design has been set in this current study as the framework that was developed to seek responses to the problem statement. Toshkov (2016) asserts that research design is about obtaining credible and effective responses to research issues 12 . Likewise, based on J. Abosede & T. Onanuga (2016), a research design is the arrangement of conditions for data collection and analysis in a way that combines relevance to the research purpose with frugality 13 . In short, research design is the systematic plan that is developed to respond to the statements of the problem and to obtain a knowledge of the phenomenon in its natural environment. Creswell (2014) conveys that qualitative research is a method for investigating and understanding the significance that people or organizations ascribe to a social or human issue 14 . Furthermore, Mohajan (2018) asserts that qualitative research is a type of social action that emphasizes people's manner of interpreting and makes sense of their experiences to comprehend individuals' social truth 15 . It uses interview, diary, publication, school observation and immersion, and open-ended questionnaire to acquire, evaluate and interpret information content analysis of visual and textual components and oral history. This descriptive design has been chosen because this research requires concrete evidence of the types of translation shifts that are used in Al-Quran Surah Az-Zalazalah. It is therefore very accurate to use qualitative research design information relating to this study.
In this present study, surah Az-Zalzalah has been selected as the object of studies because it has 8 verses in which it makes it simpler to find types of shifts in its English and Indonesian translation versions. Besides, the content of Surah Az-Zalzalah makes the researchers interested in reading and understanding the meaning of the letter. The information from this research was drawn from Al Quran (Tafsir & by Word) application provided for android and apple mobile phone users 16 .
In conjunction with various kinds of instruments, the researchers used document analysis in connection with this study to collect data relating to the translated versions of Holy Quran Surah Az-Zalzalah. Document analysis is a suitable instrument to collect data related to the translation shifts that the researchers investigated in English-Indonesian translation versions of Holy Quran Surah Az-Zalzalah, and its method applies to written, physical, and visual materials to identify specified material characteristics before identifying the most commonly used category shift in Al-Quran Surah Az-Zalzalah's English and Indonesian translation versions.

FINDING AND DISCUSSION
The formal correspondence starts with Category Shift. It also means that the category shift is the formal correspondence method. The category shift takes place when English Translation Version : "What is wrong with it" The Indonesian version of the word "Bumi" on the sentence above is a Noun. Nevertheless, it becomes "It," which is a pronoun on the sentence when exchanged into the English version of the translation. It indicates a switch from noun to pronoun, in term of a part of speech.
English Translation Version : "What is wrong with it" The Indonesian version of the word "terjadi" on the sentence above is a verb. However, it turns into "wrong" (adjective), when it is translated into English translation version on the sentence above. It indicates a switch from verb to adjective, in term of a part of speech.

Number 3 (Verse 4)
Indonesian Translation Version: "Pada hari itu bumi menyampaikan beritanya" English Translation Version : "That day, it will report its news" The Indonesian form of the word "bumi" on the sentence above is a noun. It also transforms into "it," which is pronoun, when translated into English translation. This indicates that the part of speech that is noun to pronoun is undergoing modification.

Number 4 (Verse 5)
Indonesian Translation Version: "Tuhanmu telah memerintahkan (yang sedemikian itu) padanya" English Translation Version : "Your lord has commanded it" The Indonesian version of the sentence "Tuhanmu telah memerintahkan (yang sedemikian itu) padanya" and it is bolded in one word in it which is a noun phrase. It transforms into "it," which is a pronoun from the sentence "Your Lord has commanded it" when translated into English translation version. It indicates the change from noun to pronoun.

Number 5 (Verse 7)
Indonesian Translation Version: "Maka barangsiapa mengerjakan kebaikan seberat Zarrah, niscaya dia akan melihat balasannya" English Translation Version : "So whoever does an atom's weight of good will see it" The Indonesian version of the word "balasannya" on the sentence is a noun. However, it transforms into "It," which is a pronoun, when translated into the English translation version on the sentence. It indicates that within data 5 (verse 7) there is the modification of the speech component which is from noun to pronoun.

Unit Shift
The unit shift usually refers to a transition from word to the phrase, verb phrase to the verb, and phrase to the word. In contrast, unit shift refers to the emphasis of gradual transition. Besides, 6 unit shifts were noticed within bilingual versions of surah Az-Zalzalah. English Translation Version : "The earth is shaken with its final earthquake" The Indonesian version of the phrase "guncangan yang dahsyat" on the sentence above is a noun clause. However, it becomes "earthquake," which is a noun, when it is translated into the English Version of grammar. It demonstrates that the data 1 (verse 1) translates from phrase to word. Number 2 (Verse 2) Indonesian Translation Version: "Bumi telah mengeluarkan beban-beban berat yang dikandungnnya" English Translation Version : "The earth discharges its burdens" The Indonesian form of the phrase "beban-beban yang dikandungnya" is a noun clause. Likewise, it becomes "its burdens," which is a noun phrase, when translated into the English Translation edition. It indicates that within data 2 (verse 2), the clause is converted to phrase.

Number 3 (Verse 5)
Indonesian Translation Version: "Karena sesungguhnya Tuhanmu telah" English Translation Version : "Because your lord has commanded it" The words "Karena Sesungguhnya" on the sentence above in the Indonesian version is the Conjunction+Adverb. It is also translated into "because," which is a conjunction when converted into the English Translation version. It shows that a range change is made within the data 3 (verse 5), which is from Conjunction+Adverb to Conjunction.

Number 4 (Verse 6)
Indonesian Translation Version: "Manusia keluar dari kuburnya dalam keadaan berkelompok-kelompok" English Translation Version : "The people will depart separated into categories" The Indonesian form of the word "keluar" is a verb. Additionally, it becomes "depart separated", which is a verb phrase on the sentence "The people will depart separated into categories" when translated into English translation form. It shows that in data 4 (verse 6), there is a rank shift from verb to verb phrase.

Number 5 (Verse 6)
Indonesian Translation Version: "Manusia keluar dari kuburnya dalam keadaan berkelompok-kelompok" English Translation Version : "The people will depart separated into categories" In the Indonesian edition, the phrase "dalam keadaan" on the sentence above is a term of prepositional phrase. It also transforms into an "into" edition, which is a preposition when it is translated into the English translation version. It indicates that the rank of prepositional phrase to preposition in data 5 (verse 6) is undergoing modification.
English Translation Version : "The people will depart separated into categories to be shown the result of their deeds.
In the Indonesian edition, the word "balasan" is a noun on the sentence above. Still, it becomes the "result of" which is a noun phrase when translated into English. It indicates that there is a unit shift which is from noun to noun phrase within data 6 (verse 6).

Intra System Shift
Intra system shift translation is selected in the target language within the nonrelated word. This type of shift occurs if, for example, a certain substantive is singular in its source language, but it changes into plural when it is transferred to the target language. Indonesian Translation Version:" Manusia keluar dari kuburnya dalam keadaan berkelompok-kelompok untuk diperlihatkan kepada mereka balasan semua perbuatannya.
English Translation Version : "The people will depart separated into categories to be shown the result of their deeds" Based upon the above information, in the Indonesian version, the word "manusia" on the sentence is singular but when translated into the English version, it becomes "people" which is plural. The adjustment reveals that a change in the intra-system was shown in Data 1 (verse 6).
English Translation Version : "The people will depart separated into categories to be shown the result of their deeds" On the basis of the above data, the word "perbuatannya" on the sentence is singular in the Indonesian version, but when it is translated into English, it becomes "deeds" which is plural. The alteration by means of intra-system shift is evident in data 2 (verse 6).

The Most Dominant Translation Shift
The most dominant shift in the Indonesian-English Holy Quran translation versions based on the analysis in Surah Az-Zalzalah has been revealed. The researchers thus provided the total number of every shift in Surah Az-Zalzalah, to provide further information on the shifts taking place within Surah Az-Zalzalah bilingual versions. As displayed in the table above, the translation shift that dominates the most among the other shifts in the Surah Az-Zalzalah is the unit shift, succeeded by class shift with a slight difference in the occurrence. The percentage shows the total of each shift is the structure shift with 0 result, 5 class shifts, 6 unit shifts, and 2 intra system shifts.
The researchers found the uniqueness of certain shifts that experienced the similarity or double translation shifts in the verses of Surah Az-Zalzalah. Furthermore, the uniqueness also occurs in the unit shift which appears in the expression "Manusia keluar dari kuburnya dalam keadaan berkelompok-kelompok, untuk diperlihatkan kepada mereka balasan semua perbuatannya" (Indonesian), and "The people will depart separated into categories to be shown the result of their deeds" (English). In the unit shift, data 1 shows that it is marked on the word "keluar" (Indonesian) which is a verb and "depart separated" (English) is a verb phrase. Data 2 shows that it is marked by "dalam keadaan" (Indonesian) which is a prepositional phrase and "into" (English) which is a preposition; then there are some other occurring cases of this sort. Those all show that shifts occur in the same expression or translation.
Translation shift happens in bilingual versions of each verse due to the choice of words that are used by translators in translating those verses that aim to facilitate the readers in understanding the verses of the Holy Quran. Although the difference in words or phrases used by each translator is apparent, it does not eliminate the meaning contained in the verse (Munday, 17 , 2006Bassnett, S., 2002 19 ;Pradita, 2012 20 ). The most powerful changes that can be found in Surah Az-Zalzalah are the class shift and unit shift. Even further, it is necessary to explain why class shift and unit shift are the most powerful shifts in Az-Zalzalah among other shifts. The explanation is the difference between English and Indonesian in the use of diction selected by the translators (Hatim & Munday, 2004) 21 .

CONCLUSION
Based on the findings, it can be concluded that there are some points in reference to the ideas elaborated above. The category shifts were found in both versions of the Surah Az-Zalzalah, which have been shown in this present study. There are 5 class shifts, 6 unit shifts, 2 intra system shifts, and only structure shift that was not found within the bilingual versions of Surah Az-Zalzalah. The most dominant shift among those shifts is class shift. Class shift positions as the most dominant translation shift reflecting the variety of the use of dictions in both languages. To wrap up, this study reveals that not all category shifts and level shift are found in the Indonesian-English translation version of surah Az-Zalzalah.