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Abstract
Nutmeg essential oil (Myristica fragrans Houtt) is a natural ingredient that has potential as a sunscreen. This research aims to formulate and characterize nutmeg essential oil nanoemulsion and test the sunscreen activity of nutmeg essential oil and its nanoemulsion. The essential oil and nanoemulsion formulas were made with 5 variations of essential oil concentrations namely F0 (0%), F1 (1%), F2 (2%), F3 (4%) and F4 (6%). The nanoemulsion characterization includes organoleptic test, pH measurement, nanoemulsion type examination, viscosity measurement, percent transmittance test, particle size distribution measurement, centrifugation test, freez-thaw cycle test. Testing the potential of sunscreen was carried out using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength range of 290-400 nm with ethanol as a blank. The results of the nanoemulsion organoleptic characterization showed a clear and stable appearance. Measurements of pH, type of nanoemulsion, viscosity, percent transmittance, and particle size of nanoemulsion preparations showed good results and were in accordance with the parameters. The nutmeg essential oil nanoemulsion had better SPF, %Te and %Tp values than the essential oil. Nanoemulsion preparations that had the best sunscreen activity in this study were F4 (6%) with an SPF value of 1.538; %Te value of 37.375%; and %Tp value of 80.732%.
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References
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- Nirmala, M. & Nagarajan, R. (2017). Recent Research Trend in Fabrication and Applications of Plant Essential Oil Based Nanoemulsions. Journal of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology. 8(2). 434–444.
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- Rejeki, S. & Wahyuningsih, S. S. (2015). Formulasi Gel Tabir Surya Minyak Nyamplung (Tamanu Oil) dan Uji Nilai SPF Secara In Vitro. University Research Colloquium. 1(1). 97–103. http://hdl.handle.net/11617/5168
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- Viriya, T. & Lestari. (2015). Studi Laboratorium Mengenai Pengaruh Peningkatan Konsentrasi Surfaktan terhadap Peningkatan Produksi Minyak pada Injeksi Surfaktan dengan Kadar Salinitas Air Forfmasi yang Bervariasi. Seminar Nasional Cendekiawan. Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta.
- Widyastuti., Kusuma, E.K., Nurlaili., & Sukmawati, F. (2016). Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Tabir Surya Ekstrak Etanol Daun Stroberi (Fragaria x ananassa A.N. Duchesne), Jurnal Sains Farmasi dan Klinis. 3(1). 19-24
References
Ali, H. H., & Hussein, A. A. (2017). Oral Nanoemulsions of Candesartan Cilexetil: Formulation, Characterization, and In Vitro Drug Release Stury. AAPS Open. 3(4). 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41120-017-0016-7
Ansory, H. M., Sari, E. N., Nilawati, A., Handayani., S., & Aznan, N. (2020). Advances in Health Sciences Research. Amsterdam: Atlantis Press.
Arianto, A. & Cindy, C. (2019). Preparation and Evaluation of Sunflower Oil Nanoemulsion as a Sunscreen. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 7(22). 3757-3761. https://doi.org/10.3889%2Foamjms.2019.497
Avadi, M.R., Assal M.M.S.,Nasser M., Saideh A., Fatemeh A.,Rassoul D., & Morteza R. (2010). Preparation and Characterization of Insulin Nanoparticles using Chitosan and Arabic Gum with Ionic Gelation Method. Nanomedicine; nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 6(1). 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2009.04.007
Ayuningtias, D. D. R., Nurrahmanto, D., & Rosyidi, V. A. (2017). Optimasi Komposisi Polietilen Glikol dan Lesitin sebagai Kombinasi Surfaktan pada Sediaan Nanoemulsi Kafein. e-Jurnal Pustaka Kesehatan. 5(1). 157-163. https://doi.org/10.19184/pk.v5i1.5386
Budiputra, D. K., H.Rachmawati, & R. Maulidin. (2014). Curcumin Nanoemulsion for Transdermal Application, Formulation and Evaluation. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 1(1). 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2014.884127
Devarajan, V., & Ravichandran, V. (2011). Nanoemulsions: as Modified Drug Delivery Tool. International Journal of Comprehensive Pharmacy. 2(4). 1-6.
Hassan, I., Dorjay, K., Sami, A., & Anwar, P. (2013). Sunscreens and Antioxidants as Photo-Protective Measures: An update. Our Dermatology Online. 4(3). 369-374. https://doi.org/10.7241/ourd.20133.92
Isfardiyana, S.H. & Sita, R.S. (2014). Pentingnya Melindungi Kulit dari Sinar Ultraviolet dan Cara Melindungi Kulit dengan Sunblock Buatan Sendiri. Jurnal Inovasi dan Kewirausahaan. 3(2). 126-133.
Kunarto, B., Sutardi., Supriyanto., & Anwar, C. (2019). Optimasi Ekstraksi Berbantu Gelombang Ultrasonik pada Biji Melinjo Kerikil (Gnetum gnemon L., ‘Kerikil’) Menggunakan Response Surface Methodology. Jurnal Aplikasi Teknologi Pangan. 8(3). 1-8. https://doi.org/10.17728/jatp.5122
Lalus, A. Y. (2018). Uji Aktivitas Tabir Surya Ekstrak Kloroform Daun Flamboyan (Delonix regia Raf.) dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Karya Tulis Ilmiah. Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Kupang, Kupang.
Nirmala, M. & Nagarajan, R. (2017). Recent Research Trend in Fabrication and Applications of Plant Essential Oil Based Nanoemulsions. Journal of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology. 8(2). 434–444.
Pal, M., Srivastava, M., Soni, DK., Kumar, A., & Tewari, SK. (2011). Composition and Anti-Microbial Activity of Essential Oil of Myristica fragrans from Andaman Nicobar Island. J. Pharm Life Sci. 2(10). 1115-1117.
Permata, B. R., Veranita, W., dan Daulay, S. A. P. (2023). Formulasi Sediaan Nanoemulsi Ekstrak Etanol Bungan Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum L.) serta Uji Anti Acne terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aeurs ATCC 25923. Mitita Jurnal Penelitian. 2 (1). 315-320.
Pitarisa, P.A., Ayuningtyas, N.D., & Widyawati, E. (2019). Penentuan Nilai SPF Ekstrak dan Losio Tabir Surya Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia. 1(3). 189-202. https://doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v1i3.55
Rahmadany, S. E., Aza, Z. N., Risha, F. F., & Ayu, S. (2021). Uji Iritasi dan Aktivitas Tabir Surya Secara In Vitro Minyak Biji Pala dalam Sistem Mikroemulsi dengan Variasi Tween 80-Etanol. Jurnal Ilmu Farmasi dan Farmasi Klinik (JIFFK). 18(2). 47-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31942/jiffk.v18i2.5957
Rejeki, S. & Wahyuningsih, S. S. (2015). Formulasi Gel Tabir Surya Minyak Nyamplung (Tamanu Oil) dan Uji Nilai SPF Secara In Vitro. University Research Colloquium. 1(1). 97–103. http://hdl.handle.net/11617/5168
Shoviantari, F., Liziarmezilia, Z., Bahing, A., & Agustina, L. (2019). Uji Aktivitas Tonik Rambut Nanoemulsi Minyak Kemiri (Aleurites moluccana L). Jurnal Farmasi dan Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia. 6(2). 69-73.
Viriya, T. & Lestari. (2015). Studi Laboratorium Mengenai Pengaruh Peningkatan Konsentrasi Surfaktan terhadap Peningkatan Produksi Minyak pada Injeksi Surfaktan dengan Kadar Salinitas Air Forfmasi yang Bervariasi. Seminar Nasional Cendekiawan. Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta.
Widyastuti., Kusuma, E.K., Nurlaili., & Sukmawati, F. (2016). Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Tabir Surya Ekstrak Etanol Daun Stroberi (Fragaria x ananassa A.N. Duchesne), Jurnal Sains Farmasi dan Klinis. 3(1). 19-24